General Information of Drug (ID: DM0WX6I)

Drug Name
Primidone
Synonyms
Cyral; Desoxyphenobarbital; Desoxyphenobarbitone; Hexadiona; Lepimidin; Lepsiral; Liskantin; Majsolin; Midone; Milepsin; Misodine; Misolyne; Mizodin; Mizolin; Myidone; Mylepsin; Mylepsinum; Mysedon; Mysoline; Neurosyn; Prilepsin; Primacione; Primaclone; Primacone; Primakton; Primidon; Primidona; Primidonum; Primoline; Prysoline; Resimatil; Sertan; Apotex Brand of Primidone; Astra Brand of Primidone; AstraZeneca Brand of Primidone; Desitin Brand of Primidone; Draxis Brand of Primidone; Holsten Brand of Primidone; Pms Primidone; Primidon Holsten; Primidone Methanol Solution; Xcel Brand of Primidone; Zeneca Brand of Primidone; P 7295; Roe 101; Apo-Primidone; Hexamidine (the antispasmodic); Hexamidine(the antispasmodic); Liskantin (TN); Medi-Pets; Mylepsinum (TN); Mysoline (TN); Primidona [INN-Spanish]; Primidone (primaclone); Primidonum [INN-Latin]; Prysoline (TN); Pyrimidone Medi-pets; Resimatil (TN); Sanofi-Synthelabo Brand of Primidone; Sertan (TN); Apo-Primidone (TN); Pyrimidone (Medi-pets); Primidone (JP15/USP/INN); Primidone [USAN:INN:BAN:JAN]; 2-Deoxyphenobarbital; 2-Desoxyphenobarbital; 4,4'-(Hexamethylenedioxy)dibenzamidine; 5-Aethyl-5-phenyl-hexahydropyrimidin-4,6-dion; 5-Aethyl-5-phenyl-hexahydropyrimidin-4,6-dion [German]; 5-Ethyl-5-phenylhexahydropyrimidine-4,6-dione; 5-Ethyldihydro-5-phenyl-4,6(1H,5H)-pyrimidinedione; 5-Ethylhexahydro-4,6-dioxo-5-phenylpyrimidine; 5-Ethylhexahydro-5-phenylpyrimidine-4,6-dione; 5-Phenyl-5-aethylhexahydropyrimidindion-(4,6); 5-Phenyl-5-aethylhexahydropyrimidindion-(4,6) [German]; 5-Phenyl-5-ethyl-hexahydropyrimidine-4,6-dione; 5-ethyl-5-phenyl-1,3-diazinane-4,6-dione; 5-ethyl-5-phenyldihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione; 5-ethylhe xahydro-4,6-dioxo-5-phenylpyrimidine
Indication
Disease Entry ICD 11 Status REF
Epilepsy 8A60-8A68 Approved [1], [2]
Therapeutic Class
Anticonvulsants
Drug Type
Small molecular drug
Structure
3D MOL 2D MOL
#Ro5 Violations (Lipinski): 0 Molecular Weight (mw) 218.25
Topological Polar Surface Area (xlogp) 0.9
Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds) 2
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor) 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc) 2
ADMET Property
Absorption Cmax
The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of drug is 2.7 +/- 0.4 mg/L [3]
Absorption Tmax
The time to maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) is 0.5-7 h [3]
BDDCS Class
Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) Class 2: low solubility and high permeability [4]
Bioavailability
92% of drug becomes completely available to its intended biological destination(s) [5]
Clearance
The clearance of drug is 30 mL/min [3]
Elimination
The drug is 72.9-80.6% recovered in urine [6]
Half-life
The concentration or amount of drug in body reduced by one-half in 7 - 22 hours [7]
Metabolism
The drug is metabolized via the CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2E1 [8]
MRTD
The Maximum Recommended Therapeutic Dose (MRTD) of drug that ensured maximising efficacy and moderate side effect is 98.1791 micromolar/kg/day [9]
Vd
The volume of distribution (Vd) of drug is 0.5-0.8 L/kg [10]
Water Solubility
The ability of drug to dissolve in water is measured as 0.6 mg/mL [4]
Chemical Identifiers
Formula
C12H14N2O2
IUPAC Name
5-ethyl-5-phenyl-1,3-diazinane-4,6-dione
Canonical SMILES
CCC1(C(=O)NCNC1=O)C2=CC=CC=C2
InChI
InChI=1S/C12H14N2O2/c1-2-12(9-6-4-3-5-7-9)10(15)13-8-14-11(12)16/h3-7H,2,8H2,1H3,(H,13,15)(H,14,16)
InChIKey
DQMZLTXERSFNPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Cross-matching ID
PubChem CID
4909
ChEBI ID
CHEBI:8412
CAS Number
125-33-7
DrugBank ID
DB00794
TTD ID
D0U5RT
INTEDE ID
DR1340
ACDINA ID
D00555

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug


Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)
DTT Name DTT ID UniProt ID MOA REF
GABA(A) receptor alpha-1 (GABRA1) TT1MPAY GBRA1_HUMAN Antagonist [11]

Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme (DME)
DME Name DME ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9)
Main DME
DE5IED8 CP2C9_HUMAN Substrate [12]
Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase (CYP2C19)
Main DME
DEGTFWK CP2CJ_HUMAN Substrate [13]
Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA) Jump to Detail Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) Information of This Drug

Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Same Disease as Primidone
DDI Drug Name DDI Drug ID Severity Mechanism Disease REF
Zonisamide DM0DTF7 Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Zonisamide mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z] [34]
Tiagabine DMKSQG0 Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Tiagabine mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z] [35]
Stiripentol DMMSDOY Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Stiripentol mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z] [36]
Fosphenytoin DMOX3LB Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Fosphenytoin mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z] [37]
Eslicarbazepine DMZREFQ Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Eslicarbazepine mediated induction of UGT. Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z] [38]
Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Disease Different from Primidone (Comorbidity)
DDI Drug Name DDI Drug ID Severity Mechanism Comorbidity REF
Remdesivir DMBFZ6L Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Remdesivir mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. 1D6YCoronavirus Disease 2019 [1D6YCoronavirus Disease 2019] [39]
Clindamycin DM15HL8 Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Clindamycin mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Acne vulgaris [ED80] [40]
Repaglinide DM5SXUV Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Repaglinide mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Acute diabete complication [5A2Y] [41]
Pioglitazone DMKJ485 Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Pioglitazone mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Acute diabete complication [5A2Y] [42]
Ivosidenib DM8S6T7 Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Ivosidenib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Acute myeloid leukaemia [2A60] [43]
Midostaurin DMI6E0R Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Midostaurin mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Acute myeloid leukaemia [2A60] [44]
Gilteritinib DMWQ4MZ Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Gilteritinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Acute myeloid leukaemia [2A60] [45]
Oliceridine DM6MDCF Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Oliceridine mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Acute pain [MG31] [46]
Emapalumab DMZG5WL Moderate Altered metabolism of Primidone due to Emapalumab alters the formation of CYP450 enzymes. Adaptive immunity immunodeficiency [4A01] [39]
Donepezil DMIYG7Z Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Donepezil mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Alzheimer disease [8A20] [47]
Metronidazole DMTIVEN Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Metronidazole mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Amoebiasis [1A36] [48]
Siltuximab DMGEATB Moderate Altered metabolism of Primidone due to Siltuximab alters the formation of CYP450 enzymes. Anemia [3A00-3A9Z] [39]
Ivabradine DM0L594 Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Ivabradine mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Angina pectoris [BA40] [39]
Dronedarone DMA8FS5 Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Dronedarone mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Angina pectoris [BA40] [49]
Nifedipine DMSVOZT Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Nifedipine mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Angina pectoris [BA40] [50]
Bedaquiline DM3906J Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Bedaquiline mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Antimicrobial drug resistance [MG50-MG52] [39]
Posaconazole DMUL5EW Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Posaconazole mediated induction of UGT. Aspergillosis [1F20] [39]
Aminophylline DML2NIB Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Aminophylline mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Asthma [CA23] [51]
Tindamax DM3OWT4 Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Tindamax mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [48]
Cariprazine DMJYDVK Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Cariprazine mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Bipolar disorder [6A60] [52]
Erdafitinib DMI782S Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Erdafitinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Bladder cancer [2C94] [53]
Pexidartinib DMS2J0Z Major Decreased metabolism of Primidone caused by Pexidartinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Bone/articular cartilage neoplasm [2F7B] [54]
Ixabepilone DM2OZ3G Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Ixabepilone mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y] [55]
Lapatinib DM3BH1Y Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Lapatinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y] [56]
HKI-272 DM6QOVN Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by HKI-272 mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y] [56]
LY2835219 DM93VBZ Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by LY2835219 mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y] [57]
Exemestane DM9HPW3 Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Exemestane mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y] [58]
Esterified estrogens DM9KZDO Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Esterified estrogens mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y] [59]
Tucatinib DMBESUA Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Tucatinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y] [60]
Palbociclib DMD7L94 Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Palbociclib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y] [56]
Alpelisib DMEXMYK Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Alpelisib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y] [61]
Quinestrol DMJ6H1Z Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Quinestrol mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y] [59]
Cabazitaxel DMPAZHC Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Cabazitaxel mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y] [62]
Bosutinib DMTI8YE Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Bosutinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y] [63]
Atorvastatin DMF28YC Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Atorvastatin mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Cardiovascular disease [BA00-BE2Z] [64]
Macitentan DMP79A1 Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Macitentan mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Cardiovascular disease [BA00-BE2Z] [65]
Doxercalciferol DM6FG1P Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Doxercalciferol mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Chronic kidney disease [GB61] [66]
Corticotropin DMP9TWZ Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Corticotropin mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Chronic kidney disease [GB61] [67]
PF-04449913 DMSB068 Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by PF-04449913 mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia [2A40] [68]
Dihydrocodeine DMB0FWL Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Primidone and Dihydrocodeine. Chronic pain [MG30] [69]
Anisindione DM2C48U Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Anisindione mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Coagulation defect [3B10] [70]
Regorafenib DMHSY1I Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Regorafenib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Colorectal cancer [2B91] [71]
Intedanib DMSTA36 Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Intedanib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Colorectal cancer [2B91] [72]
Drospirenone DM1A9W3 Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Drospirenone mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Contraceptive management [QA21] [59]
Levonorgestrel DM1DP7T Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Levonorgestrel mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Contraceptive management [QA21] [59]
Ulipristal DMBNI20 Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Ulipristal mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Contraceptive management [QA21] [39]
Norgestimate DMYP4XC Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Norgestimate mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Contraceptive management [QA21] [73]
Levobupivacaine DM783CH Minor Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Levobupivacaine mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Corneal disease [9A76-9A78] [74]
Methoxyflurane DML0RAE Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Methoxyflurane mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Corneal disease [9A76-9A78] [75]
Alfentanil DMVO0UB Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Primidone and Alfentanil. Corneal disease [9A76-9A78] [76]
Remifentanil DMZTXCH Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Primidone and Remifentanil. Corneal disease [9A76-9A78] [76]
Oxtriphylline DMLHSE3 Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Oxtriphylline mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Cough [MD12] [51]
Mifepristone DMGZQEF Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Mifepristone mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Cushing syndrome [5A70] [77]
Osilodrostat DMIJC9X Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Osilodrostat mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Cushing syndrome [5A70] [39]
Ivacaftor DMZC1HS Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Ivacaftor mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Cystic fibrosis [CA25] [56]
Ethanol DMDRQZU Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Primidone and Ethanol. Cystitis [GC00] [78]
MK-8228 DMOB58Q Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by MK-8228 mediated induction of UGT. Cytomegaloviral disease [1D82] [56]
Rivaroxaban DMQMBZ1 Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Rivaroxaban mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Deep vein thrombosis [BD71] [79]
Sertraline DM0FB1J Moderate Increased risk of lowers seizure threshold by the combination of Primidone and Sertraline. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [39]
Vilazodone DM4LECQ Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Vilazodone mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [80]
Vortioxetine DM6F1PU Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Vortioxetine mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [81]
OPC-34712 DMHG57U Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by OPC-34712 mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [82]
Esketamine DMVU687 Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Primidone and Esketamine. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [56]
Empagliflozin DMRF9YK Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Empagliflozin mediated induction of UGT. Diabetes mellitus [5A10] [56]
Polatuzumab vedotin DMF6Y0L Minor Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Polatuzumab vedotin mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma [2A81] [56]
[3H]estrone-3-sulphate DMGPF0N Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by [3H]estrone-3-sulphate mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Discovery agent [N.A.] [83]
Ospemifene DMC4GEI Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Ospemifene mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Dyspareunia [GA12] [84]
Ingrezza DMVPLNC Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Ingrezza mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Dystonic disorder [8A02] [85]
Oestradiol valerate and dienogest DMZK0FQ Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Oestradiol valerate and dienogest mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Endometriosis [GA10] [73]
Cannabidiol DM0659E Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Cannabidiol mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Epileptic encephalopathy [8A62] [39]
Praziquantel DMOU1PK Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Praziquantel mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Flatworm infection [1F70-1F86] [86]
Bay 80-6946 DMLOS5R Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Bay 80-6946 mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Follicular lymphoma [2A80] [87]
Tazemetostat DMWP1BH Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Tazemetostat mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Follicular lymphoma [2A80] [88]
Solifenacin DMG592Q Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Solifenacin mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Functional bladder disorder [GC50] [89]
Mirabegron DMS1GYT Minor Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Mirabegron mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Functional bladder disorder [GC50] [90]
Ripretinib DM958QB Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Ripretinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Gastrointestinal stromal tumour [2B5B] [91]
Sunitinib DMCBJSR Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Sunitinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Gastrointestinal stromal tumour [2B5B] [56]
Avapritinib DMK2GZX Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Avapritinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Gastrointestinal stromal tumour [2B5B] [39]
Acetazolamide DM1AF5U Moderate Altered absorption of Primidone caused by Acetazolamide. Glaucoma [9C61] [92]
Dichlorphenamide DMH7IDQ Moderate Altered absorption of Primidone caused by Dichlorphenamide. Glaucoma [9C61] [92]
Carvedilol DMHTEAO Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Carvedilol mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Heart failure [BD10-BD1Z] [93]
Digitoxin DMWVIGP Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Digitoxin mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Heart failure [BD10-BD1Z] [94]
Boceprevir DMBSHMF Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Boceprevir mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Hepatitis virus infection [1E50-1E51] [95]
PSI-7977 DMLSUWZ Major Accelerated clearance of Primidone due to the transporter induction by PSI-7977. Hepatitis virus infection [1E50-1E51] [39]
Simeprevir DMLUA9D Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Simeprevir mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Hepatitis virus infection [1E50-1E51] [96]
Telaprevir DMMRV29 Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Telaprevir mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Hepatitis virus infection [1E50-1E51] [97]
Daclatasvir DMSFK9V Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Daclatasvir mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Hepatitis virus infection [1E50-1E51] [39]
Rifampin DMA8J1G Minor Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Rifampin mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis [1B10-1B14] [98]
Pretomanid DMDYA31 Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Pretomanid mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis [1B10-1B14] [99]
MK-1439 DM215WE Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by MK-1439 mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62] [100]
Fosamprenavir DM4W9B3 Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Fosamprenavir mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62] [101]
Cobicistat DM6L4H2 Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Cobicistat mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62] [56]
Tipranavir DM8HJX6 Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Tipranavir mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62] [101]
Dolutegravir DMCZGRE Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Dolutegravir mediated induction of UGT. Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62] [56]
Saquinavir DMG814N Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Saquinavir mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62] [101]
Elvitegravir DMG9B1U Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Elvitegravir mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62] [56]
Etravirine DMGV8QU Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Etravirine mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62] [102]
Rilpivirine DMJ0QOW Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Rilpivirine mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62] [103]
Darunavir DMN3GCH Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Darunavir mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62] [79]
Atazanavir DMSYRBX Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Atazanavir mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62] [101]
Maraviroc DMTL94F Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Maraviroc mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62] [104]
Raltegravir DMYURI6 Minor Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Raltegravir mediated induction of UGT. Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62] [79]
Paricalcitol DMYBV3G Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Paricalcitol mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Hyper-parathyroidism [5A51] [66]
Acebutolol DM0TI4U Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Acebutolol mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Hypertension [BA00-BA04] [93]
Penbutolol DM4ES8F Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Penbutolol mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Hypertension [BA00-BA04] [93]
Nebivolol DM7F1PA Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Nebivolol mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Hypertension [BA00-BA04] [93]
Levamlodipine DM92S6N Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Levamlodipine mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Hypertension [BA00-BA04] [50]
Felodipine DMOSW35 Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Felodipine mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Hypertension [BA00-BA04] [105]
Tolvaptan DMIWFRL Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Tolvaptan mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Hypo-osmolality/hyponatraemia [5C72] [39]
Lesinurad DMUR64T Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Lesinurad mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Inborn purine/pyrimidine/nucleotide metabolism error [5C55] [106]
TP-434 DM5A31S Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by TP-434 mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Infectious gastroenteritis/colitis [1A40] [107]
Suvorexant DM0E6S3 Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Suvorexant mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Insomnia [7A00-7A0Z] [108]
Ramelteon DM7IW9J Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Ramelteon mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Insomnia [7A00-7A0Z] [109]
Zaleplon DMGFWSM Minor Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Zaleplon mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Insomnia [7A00-7A0Z] [110]
Tasimelteon DMLOQ1V Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Tasimelteon mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Insomnia [7A00-7A0Z] [111]
ITI-007 DMUQ1DO Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by ITI-007 mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Insomnia [7A00-7A0Z] [112]
Naloxegol DML0B41 Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Naloxegol mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Large intestine motility disorder [DB32] [39]
Crizotinib DM4F29C Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Crizotinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Lung cancer [2C25] [56]
Brigatinib DM7W94S Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Brigatinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Lung cancer [2C25] [113]
Ceritinib DMB920Z Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Ceritinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Lung cancer [2C25] [114]
Lurbinectedin DMEFRTZ Major Decreased metabolism of Primidone caused by Lurbinectedin mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Lung cancer [2C25] [115]
PF-06463922 DMKM7EW Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by PF-06463922 mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Lung cancer [2C25] [116]
Osimertinib DMRJLAT Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Osimertinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Lung cancer [2C25] [56]
BIBW 2992 DMTKD7Q Moderate Accelerated clearance of Primidone due to the transporter induction by BIBW 2992. Lung cancer [2C25] [117]
Pralsetinib DMWU0I2 Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Pralsetinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Lung cancer [2C25] [118]
Capmatinib DMYCXKL Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Capmatinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Lung cancer [2C25] [119]
Selpercatinib DMZR15V Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Selpercatinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Lung cancer [2C25] [39]
Artemether DM48QOT Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Artemether mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Malaria [1F40-1F45] [56]
Hydroxychloroquine DMSIVND Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Hydroxychloroquine mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Malaria [1F40-1F45] [56]
Idelalisib DM602WT Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Idelalisib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Mature B-cell leukaemia [2A82] [120]
GDC-0199 DMH0QKA Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by GDC-0199 mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Mature B-cell leukaemia [2A82] [121]
IPI-145 DMWA24P Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by IPI-145 mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Mature B-cell leukaemia [2A82] [122]
Acalabrutinib DM7GCVW Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Acalabrutinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Mature B-cell lymphoma [2A85] [123]
Ibrutinib DMHZCPO Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Ibrutinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Mature B-cell lymphoma [2A85] [124]
Ponatinib DMYGJQO Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Ponatinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Mature B-cell lymphoma [2A85] [56]
Arry-162 DM1P6FR Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Arry-162 mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Melanoma [2C30] [56]
Vemurafenib DM62UG5 Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Vemurafenib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Melanoma [2C30] [56]
Selumetinib DMC7W6R Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Selumetinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Melanoma [2C30] [125]
LGX818 DMNQXV8 Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by LGX818 mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Melanoma [2C30] [126]
Dabrafenib DMX6OE3 Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Dabrafenib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Melanoma [2C30] [56]
Ethinyl estradiol DMODJ40 Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Ethinyl estradiol mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Menopausal disorder [GA30] [73]
Allopregnanolone DMNLHAC Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Primidone and Allopregnanolone. Mental/behavioural/neurodevelopmental disorder [6E20-6E8Z] [127]
Rimegepant DMHOAUG Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Rimegepant mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Migraine [8A80] [128]
Lasmiditan DMXLVDT Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Primidone and Lasmiditan. Migraine [8A80] [129]
Exjade DMHPRWG Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Exjade mediated induction of UGT. Mineral absorption/transport disorder [5C64] [56]
Dihydrotachysterol DMFB97P Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Dihydrotachysterol mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Mineral deficiency [5B5K] [66]
Flibanserin DM70DTN Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Flibanserin mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Mood disorder [6A60-6E23] [130]
Panobinostat DM58WKG Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Panobinostat mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Multiple myeloma [2A83] [131]
Thalidomide DM70BU5 Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Primidone and Thalidomide. Multiple myeloma [2A83] [132]
Siponimod DM2R86O Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Siponimod mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Multiple sclerosis [8A40] [56]
Ozanimod DMT6AM2 Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Ozanimod mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Multiple sclerosis [8A40] [133]
Deflazacort DMV0RNS Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Deflazacort mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Muscular dystrophy [8C70] [39]
Romidepsin DMT5GNL Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Romidepsin mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Mycosis fungoides [2B01] [134]
Fedratinib DM4ZBK6 Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Fedratinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Myeloproliferative neoplasm [2A20] [39]
Nilotinib DM7HXWT Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Nilotinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Myeloproliferative neoplasm [2A20] [135]
Ruxolitinib DM7Q98D Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Ruxolitinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Myeloproliferative neoplasm [2A20] [136]
Dasatinib DMJV2EK Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Dasatinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Myeloproliferative neoplasm [2A20] [56]
Vorapaxar DMA16BR Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Vorapaxar mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Myocardial infarction [BA41-BA43] [137]
Rolapitant DM8XP26 Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Rolapitant mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Nausea/vomiting [MD90] [39]
Netupitant DMEKAYI Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Netupitant mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Nausea/vomiting [MD90] [56]
E-2007 DMJDYNQ Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by E-2007 mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Neuropathy [8C0Z] [39]
Bupropion DM5PCS7 Moderate Antagonize the effect of Primidone when combined with Bupropion. Nicotine use disorder [6C4A] [138]
Entrectinib DMMPTLH Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Entrectinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Non-small cell lung cancer [2C25] [139]
Levomethadyl Acetate DM06HG5 Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Primidone and Levomethadyl Acetate. Opioid use disorder [6C43] [69]
S-297995 DM26IH8 Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by S-297995 mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Opioid use disorder [6C43] [140]
Apraclonidine DMO4PVE Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Primidone and Apraclonidine. Optic nerve disorder [9C40] [141]
Olaparib DM8QB1D Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Olaparib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Ovarian cancer [2C73] [56]
Rucaparib DM9PVX8 Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Rucaparib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Ovarian cancer [2C73] [142]
MK-4827 DMLYGH4 Moderate Accelerated clearance of Primidone due to the transporter induction by MK-4827. Ovarian cancer [2C73] [143]
Oxymorphone DM65AGJ Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Primidone and Oxymorphone. Pain [MG30-MG3Z] [76]
Levorphanol DMGS80V Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Primidone and Levorphanol. Pain [MG30-MG3Z] [76]
Dezocine DMJDB0Y Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Primidone and Dezocine. Pain [MG30-MG3Z] [76]
Nalbuphine DMOSQGU Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Primidone and Nalbuphine. Pain [MG30-MG3Z] [76]
Buprenorphine DMPRI8G Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Primidone and Buprenorphine. Pain [MG30-MG3Z] [144]
Hydrocodone DMQ2JO5 Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Hydrocodone mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Pain [MG30-MG3Z] [145]
Istradefylline DM20VSK Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Istradefylline mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Parkinsonism [8A00] [146]
Biperiden DME78OA Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Primidone and Biperiden. Parkinsonism [8A00] [147]
Pimavanserin DMR7IVC Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Pimavanserin mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Parkinsonism [8A00] [148]
Macimorelin DMQYJIR Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Macimorelin mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Pituitary gland disorder [5A60-5A61] [149]
Lefamulin DME6G97 Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Lefamulin mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Pneumonia [CA40] [150]
Ergonovine DM0VEC1 Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Ergonovine mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Postpartum haemorrhage [JA43] [56]
Lonafarnib DMGM2Z6 Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Lonafarnib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Premature ageing appearance [LD2B] [151]
ABIRATERONE DM8V75C Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by ABIRATERONE mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Prostate cancer [2C82] [152]
Enzalutamide DMGL19D Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Enzalutamide mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Prostate cancer [2C82] [153]
Darolutamide DMV7YFT Major Accelerated clearance of Primidone due to the transporter induction by Darolutamide. Prostate cancer [2C82] [154]
Silodosin DMJSBT6 Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Silodosin mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Prostate hyperplasia [GA90] [56]
Ustekinumab DMHTYK3 Moderate Altered metabolism of Primidone due to Ustekinumab alters the formation of CYP450 enzymes. Psoriasis [EA90] [39]
Apremilast DMTWS9E Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Apremilast mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Psoriasis [EA90] [155]
Ixekizumab DMXW92T Moderate Altered metabolism of Primidone due to Ixekizumab alters the formation of CYP450 enzymes. Psoriasis [EA90] [39]
Riociguat DMXBLMP Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Riociguat mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Pulmonary hypertension [BB01] [156]
Everolimus DM8X2EH Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Everolimus mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Renal cell carcinoma [2C90] [79]
Axitinib DMGVH6N Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Axitinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Renal cell carcinoma [2C90] [157]
Temsirolimus DMS104F Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Temsirolimus mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Renal cell carcinoma [2C90] [56]
Upadacitinib DM32B5U Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Upadacitinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20] [158]
Tocilizumab DM7J6OR Moderate Altered metabolism of Primidone due to Tocilizumab alters the formation of CYP450 enzymes. Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20] [39]
Canakinumab DM8HLO5 Moderate Altered metabolism of Primidone due to Canakinumab alters the formation of CYP450 enzymes. Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20] [39]
Tofacitinib DMBS370 Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Tofacitinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20] [56]
Rilonacept DMGLUQS Moderate Altered metabolism of Primidone due to Rilonacept alters the formation of CYP450 enzymes. Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20] [39]
Golimumab DMHZV7X Moderate Altered metabolism of Primidone due to Golimumab alters the formation of CYP450 enzymes. Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20] [39]
Dexamethasone DMMWZET Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Dexamethasone mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20] [67]
Sarilumab DMOGNXY Moderate Altered metabolism of Primidone due to Sarilumab alters the formation of CYP450 enzymes. Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20] [39]
Aripiprazole DM3NUMH Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Aripiprazole mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Schizophrenia [6A20] [159]
Fentanyl DM8WAHT Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Primidone and Fentanyl. Sensation disturbance [MB40] [46]
Avanafil DM75CXN Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Avanafil mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Sexual dysfunction [HA00-HA01] [160]
Tadalafil DMJZHT1 Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Tadalafil mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Sexual dysfunction [HA00-HA01] [39]
Voxelotor DMCS6M5 Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Voxelotor mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Sickle-cell disorder [3A51] [161]
LDE225 DMM9F25 Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by LDE225 mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Skin cancer [2C30-2C37] [162]
Larotrectinib DM26CQR Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Larotrectinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z] [56]
Methylprednisolone DM4BDON Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Methylprednisolone mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z] [67]
Docetaxel DMDI269 Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Docetaxel mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z] [163]
Trabectedin DMG3Y89 Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Trabectedin mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z] [39]
Armodafinil DMGB035 Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Armodafinil mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z] [164]
LEE011 DMMX75K Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by LEE011 mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z] [165]
Prednisolone DMQ8FR2 Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Prednisolone mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z] [67]
Vandetanib DMRICNP Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Vandetanib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z] [166]
Taxol DMUOT9V Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Taxol mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z] [167]
Doxorubicin DMVP5YE Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Doxorubicin mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z] [39]
Pitolisant DM8RFNJ Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Pitolisant mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Somnolence [MG42] [39]
Pomalidomide DMTGBAX Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Pomalidomide mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Systemic sclerosis [4A42] [168]
Fostamatinib DM6AUHV Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Fostamatinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Thrombocytopenia [3B64] [169]
As-1670542 DMV05SW Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by As-1670542 mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Thrombocytopenia [3B64] [39]
Apixaban DM89JLN Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Apixaban mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Thrombosis [DB61-GB90] [39]
Brilinta DMBR01X Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Brilinta mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Thrombosis [DB61-GB90] [170]
Cabozantinib DMIYDT4 Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Cabozantinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Thyroid cancer [2D10] [171]
Sirolimus DMGW1ID Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Sirolimus mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Transplant rejection [NE84] [56]
Tacrolimus DMZ7XNQ Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Tacrolimus mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Transplant rejection [NE84] [172]
Canagliflozin DMFRM1I Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Canagliflozin mediated induction of UGT. Type 2 diabetes mellitus [5A11] [56]
Saxagliptin DMGXENV Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Saxagliptin mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Type 2 diabetes mellitus [5A11] [173]
Linagliptin DMWFJTR Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Linagliptin mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Type 2 diabetes mellitus [5A11] [174]
Elagolix DMB2C0E Moderate Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Elagolix mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Uterine fibroid [2E86] [175]
Betrixaban DM2C4RF Moderate Accelerated clearance of Primidone due to the transporter induction by Betrixaban. Venous thromboembolism [BD72] [176]
Propafenone DMPIBJK Minor Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Propafenone. Ventricular tachyarrhythmia [BC71] [177]
Amiodarone DMUTEX3 Major Increased metabolism of Primidone caused by Amiodarone mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Ventricular tachyarrhythmia [BC71] [178]
⏷ Show the Full List of 233 DDI Information of This Drug

Drug Inactive Ingredient(s) (DIG) and Formulation(s) of This Drug

DIG
DIG Name DIG ID PubChem CID Functional Classification
Docusate sodium E00563 23673837 Surfactant
Hydrazine yellow E00409 164825 Colorant
Quinoline yellow WS E00309 24671 Colorant
Sodium benzoate E00432 517055 Antimicrobial preservative; lubricant
Sodium lauryl sulfate E00464 3423265 Emulsifying agent; Modified-release agent; Penetration agent; Solubilizing agent; Surfactant; lubricant
Stearic acid E00079 5281 Emulsifying agent; Solubilizing agent; Viscosity-controlling agent; lubricant
Ferric hydroxide oxide yellow E00539 23320441 Colorant
Lactose monohydrate E00393 104938 Binding agent; Diluent; Dry powder inhaler carrier; Lyophilization aid
Magnesium stearate E00208 11177 lubricant
Povidone E00667 Not Available Binding agent; Coating agent; Disintegrant; Film/membrane-forming agent; Solubilizing agent; Suspending agent
Silicon dioxide E00670 Not Available Anticaking agent; Opacifying agent; Viscosity-controlling agent
Talc E00520 16211421 Anticaking agent; Diluent; Glidant; lubricant
Water E00035 962 Solvent
⏷ Show the Full List of 13 Pharmaceutical Excipients of This Drug
Pharmaceutical Formulation
Formulation Name Drug Dosage Dosage Form Route
Primidone 250 mg tablet 250 mg Oral Tablet Oral
Primidone 50 mg tablet 50 mg Oral Tablet Oral
Jump to Detail Pharmaceutical Formulation Page of This Drug

References

1 URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 5338).
2 FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (ANDA) 040586.
3 Lee CS, Marbury TC, Perchalski RT, Wilder BJ: Pharmacokinetics of primidone elimination by uremic patients. J Clin Pharmacol. 1982 Jul;22(7):301-8. doi: 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1982.tb02679.x.
4 BDDCS applied to over 900 drugs
5 Critical Evaluation of Human Oral Bioavailability for Pharmaceutical Drugs by Using Various Cheminformatics Approaches
6 Treston AM, Hooper WD: Urinary metabolites of phenobarbitone, primidone, and their N-methyl and N-ethyl derivatives in humans. Xenobiotica. 1992 Apr;22(4):385-94. doi: 10.3109/00498259209046650.
7 Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antiepileptic Drugs in Epilepsy: A 2018 Update. Ther Drug Monit. 2018 Oct;40(5):526-548. doi: 10.1097/FTD.0000000000000546.
8 FDA approval: ado-trastuzumab emtansine for the treatment of patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2014 Sep 1;20(17):4436-41.
9 Estimating the safe starting dose in phase I clinical trials and no observed effect level based on QSAR modeling of the human maximum recommended daily dose
10 Marvanova M: Pharmacokinetic characteristics of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Ment Health Clin. 2016 Mar 8;6(1):8-20. doi: 10.9740/mhc.2015.01.008. eCollection 2016 Jan.
11 DrugBank: a knowledgebase for drugs, drug actions and drug targets. Nucleic Acids Res. 2008 Jan;36(Database issue):D901-6.
12 Prescribrt's digital referenve - Primidone - Drug Summary.
13 Clinically significant pharmacokinetic drug interactions between antiepileptic drugs. J Clin Pharm Ther. 1999 Apr;24(2):87-92.
14 Progesterone and testosterone hydroxylation by cytochromes P450 2C19, 2C9, and 3A4 in human liver microsomes. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1997 Oct 1;346(1):161-9.
15 Tamoxifen inhibits cytochrome P450 2C9 activity in breast cancer patients. J Chemother. 2006 Aug;18(4):421-4.
16 Characterization of the oxidative metabolites of 17beta-estradiol and estrone formed by 15 selectively expressed human cytochrome p450 isoforms. Endocrinology. 2003 Aug;144(8):3382-98.
17 Summary of information on human CYP enzymes: human P450 metabolism data. Drug Metab Rev. 2002 Feb-May;34(1-2):83-448.
18 Drug-drug interactions with imatinib: an observational study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 Oct;95(40):e5076.
19 Drug interactions with calcium channel blockers: possible involvement of metabolite-intermediate complexation with CYP3A. Drug Metab Dispos. 2000 Feb;28(2):125-30.
20 New insights into the structural features and functional relevance of human cytochrome P450 2C9. Part I. Curr Drug Metab. 2009 Dec;10(10):1075-126.
21 A potential role for the estrogen-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes in human breast carcinogenesis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2003 Dec;82(3):191-7.
22 A mechanistic approach to antiepileptic drug interactions. Ann Pharmacother. 1998 May;32(5):554-63.
23 High-dose rabeprazole/amoxicillin therapy as the second-line regimen after failure to eradicate H. pylori by triple therapy with the usual doses of a proton pump inhibitor, clarithromycin and amoxicillin. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003 Nov-Dec;50(54):2274-8.
24 Cytochrome P450 pharmacogenetics and cancer. Oncogene. 2006 Mar 13;25(11):1679-91.
25 CYP2C19*17 is associated with decreased breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2009 May;115(2):391-6.
26 Cytochromes of the P450 2C subfamily are the major enzymes involved in the O-demethylation of verapamil in humans. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1995 Dec;353(1):116-21.
27 Diclofenac and its derivatives as tools for studying human cytochromes P450 active sites: particular efficiency and regioselectivity of P450 2Cs. Biochemistry. 1999 Oct 26;38(43):14264-70.
28 Organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) and its functional comparison with three other OATPs of human liver. Gastroenterology. 2001 Feb;120(2):525-33.
29 Possible involvement of multiple human cytochrome P450 isoforms in the liver metabolism of propofol. Br J Anaesth. 1998 Jun;80(6):788-95.
30 Zolpidem, a selective GABA(A) receptor alpha1 subunit agonist, induces comparable Fos expression in oxytocinergic neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular and accessory but not supraoptic nuclei in the rat.Brain Res Bull.2006 Dec 11;71(1-3):200-7.
31 Neurosteroid analogues. 10. The effect of methyl group substitution at the C-6 and C-7 positions on the GABA modulatory and anesthetic actions of (... J Med Chem. 2005 Apr 21;48(8):3051-9.
32 3-demethoxy-3-glycosylaminothiocolchicines: Synthesis of a new class of putative muscle relaxant compounds. J Med Chem. 2006 Sep 7;49(18):5571-7.
33 Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.
34 Nakasa H, Nakamura H, Ono S, Tsutsui M, Kiuchi M, Ohmori S, Kitada M "Prediction of drug-drug interactions of zonisamide metabolism in humans from in vitro data." Eur J Clin Pharmacol 54 (1998): 177-83. [PMID: 9626925]
35 Product Information. Gabitril (tiagabine). Abbott Pharmaceutical, Abbott Park, IL.
36 Cazali N, Tran A, Treluyer JM, et al. "Inhibitory effect of stiripentol on carbamazepine and saquinavir metabolism in human." Br J Clin Pharmacol 56 (2003): 526-36. [PMID: 14651727]
37 Kuranari M, Tatsukawa H, Seike M, et al. "Effect of phenytoin on phenobarbital pharmacokinetics in a patient with epilepsy." Ann Pharmacother 29 (1995): 83-4. [PMID: 7711354]
38 Bialer M, Soares-da-Silva P "Pharmacokinetics and drug interactions of eslicarbazepine acetate." Epilepsia 53 (2012): 935-46. [PMID: 22612290]
39 Cerner Multum, Inc. "UK Summary of Product Characteristics.".
40 Bernard A, Kermarrec G, Parize P, et.al "Dramatic reduction of clindamycin serum concentration in staphylococcal osteoarticular infection patients treated with the oral clindamycin-rifampicin combination." J Infect 71 (2015): 200-6. [PMID: 25936632]
41 Bidstrup TB, Bjornsdottir I, Sidelmann UG, Thomsen MS, Hansen KT "CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 are the principal enzymes involved in the human in vitro biotransformation of the insulin secretagogue repaglinide." Br J Clin Pharmacol 56 (2003): 305-14. [PMID: 12919179]
42 Jaakkola T, Backman JT, Neuvonen M, Laitila J, Neuvonen PJ "Effect of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone." Br J Clin Pharmacol 61 (2006): 70-8. [PMID: 16390353]
43 Product Information. Tibsovo (ivosidenib). Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA.
44 Dutreix C, Munarini F, Lorenzo S, Roesel J, Wang Y "Investigation into CYP3A4-mediated drug-drug interactions on midostaurin in healthy volunteers." Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 72 (2013): 1223-34. [PMID: 24085261]
45 Product Information. Xospata (gilteritinib). Astellas Pharma US, Inc, Deerfield, IL.
46 Product Information. Apadaz (acetaminophen-benzhydrocodone). KemPharm, Inc, Coralville, IA.
47 Product Information. Aricept (donepezil). Pfizer US Pharmaceuticals, New York, NY.
48 Gupte S "Phenobarbital and metabolism of metronidazole." N Engl J Med 308 (1983): 529. [PMID: 6823276]
49 Product Information. Multaq (dronedarone). sanofi-aventis , Bridgewater, NJ.
50 Product Information. Mycobutin (rifabutin). Pharmacia and Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI.
51 Bukowskyj M, Nakatsu K, Munt PW "Theophylline reassessed." Ann Intern Med 101 (1984): 63-73. [PMID: 6145380]
52 Product Information. Vraylar (cariprazine). Actavis Pharma, Inc., Parsippany, NJ.
53 Product Information. Balversa (erdafitinib). Janssen Products, LP, Horsham, PA.
54 Product Information. Turalio (pexidartinib). Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., Parsippany, NJ.
55 Product Information. Ixempra (ixabepilone). Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ.
56 Cerner Multum, Inc. "Australian Product Information.".
57 Product Information. Verzenio (abemaciclib). Lilly, Eli and Company, Indianapolis, IN.
58 Product Information. Aromasin (exemestane) Pharmacia & Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI.
59 Baciewicz AM "Oral contraceptive drug interactions." Ther Drug Monit 7 (1985): 26-35. [PMID: 2859674]
60 Product Information. Tukysa (tucatinib). Seattle Genetics Inc, Bothell, WA.
61 Product Information. Piqray (alpelisib). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
62 Product Information. Jevtana (cabazitaxel). sanofi-aventis , Bridgewater, NJ.
63 Product Information. Bosulif (bosutinib). Pfizer U.S. Pharmaceuticals Group, New York, NY.
64 Bullman J, Nicholls A, Van Landingham K, et al. "Effects of lamotrigine and phenytoin on the pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin in healthy volunteers." Epilepsia 52 (2011): 1351-8. [PMID: 21635243]
65 Bruderer S, Aanismaa P, Homery MC, et al. "Effect of cyclosporine and rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of macitentan, a tissue-targeting dual endothelin receptor antagonist." AAPS J 14 (2012): 68-78. [PMID: 22189899]
66 Product Information. Hectorol (doxercalciferol). Genzyme Corporation, Cambridge, MA.
67 Bartoszek M, Brenner AM, Szefler SJ "Prednisolone and methylprednisolone kinetics in children receiving anticonvulsant therapy." Clin Pharmacol Ther 42 (1987): 424-32. [PMID: 3665340]
68 Product Information. Daurismo (glasdegib). Pfizer U.S. Pharmaceuticals Group, New York, NY.
69 US Food and Drug Administration "FDA warns about serious risks and death when combining opioid pain or cough medicines with benzodiazepines requires its strongest warning.".
70 Aggeler PM, O'Reilly RA "Effect of heptabarbital on the response to bishydroxycoumarin in man." J Lab Clin Med 74 (1969): 229-38. [PMID: 4184022]
71 Product Information. Stivarga (regorafenib). Bayer Pharmaceutical Inc, West Haven, CT.
72 Product Information. Ofev (nintedanib). Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, CT.
73 Back DJ, Grimmer SF, Orme ML, Proudlove D, Mann RD, Breckenridge AM "Evaluation of Committee on Safety of Medicines yellow card reports on oral contraceptive-drug interactions with anticonvulsants and antibiotics." Br J Clin Pharmacol 25 (1988): 527-32. [PMID: 3408633]
74 Product Information. Chirocaine (levobupivacaine) Organon, West Orange, NJ.
75 Brodeur J, Paquin P, Authier L, Geadah D, Yamauchi M, Cote MG "Influence of phenobarbital pretreatment on methoxyflurane and sodium fluoride nephropathy in Fischer 344 Rats." Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 37 (1976): 349-61. [PMID: 982456]
76 US Food and Drug Administration "FDA warns about serious risks and death when combining opioid pain or cough medicines with benzodiazepines requires its strongest warning.".
77 Product Information. Korlym (mifepristone). Corcept Therapeutics Incorporated, Menlo Park, CA.
78 Gupta RC, Kofoed J "Toxological statistics for barbiturates, other sedatives, and tranquilizers in Ontario: a 10-year survey." Can Med Assoc J 94 (1966): 863-5. [PMID: 5929537]
79 Canadian Pharmacists Association.
80 Product Information. Viibryd (vilazodone). Trovis Pharmaceuticals LLC, New Haven, CT.
81 Product Information. Brintellix (vortioxetine). Takeda Pharmaceuticals America, Lincolnshire, IL.
82 Product Information. Rexulti (brexpiprazole). Otsuka American Pharmaceuticals Inc, Rockville, MD.
83 Back DJ, Breckenridge AM, Crawford FE, MacIver M, Orne ML, Rowe PH "Interindividual variation and drug interactions with hormonal steroid contraceptives." Drugs 21 (1981): 46-61. [PMID: 7009137]
84 Product Information. Osphena (ospemifene). Shionogi USA Inc, Florham Park, NJ.
85 Product Information. Ingrezza (valbenazine). Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, CA.
86 Bittencourt PR, Gracia CM, Martins R, et al "Phenytoin and carbamazepine decrease oral bioavailability of praziquantel." Neurology 42 (1992): 492-6. [PMID: 1549207]
87 Product Information. Aliqopa (copanlisib). Bayer Pharmaceutical Inc, West Haven, CT.
88 Product Information. Tazverik (tazemetostat). Epizyme, Inc, Cambridge, MA.
89 Product Information. VESIcare (solifenacin). GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC.
90 Product Information. Myrbetriq (mirabegron). Astellas Pharma US, Inc, Deerfield, IL.
91 Product Information. Qinlock (ripretinib). Deciphera Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, MA.
92 Syversen GB, Morgan JP, Weintraub M, Myers GJ "Acetazolamide-induced interference with primidone absorption." Arch Neurol 34 (1977): 80-4. [PMID: 836189]
93 Branch RA, Herman RJ "Enzyme induction and beta-adrenergic receptor blocking drugs." Br J Clin Pharmacol 17 (1984): s77-84. [PMID: 6146342]
94 Cardoso MT, Carvalhas ML. Effects of phenobarbital on digitoxin metabolism in guinea-pig liver slices. Xenobiotica. 1980;10(10):779-784. [PMID: 7456493]
95 Product Information. Victrelis (boceprevir). Schering-Plough Corporation, Kenilworth, NJ.
96 Product Information. Olysio (simeprevir). Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Titusville, NJ.
97 Product Information. Incivek (telaprevir). Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA.
98 Richter E, Breimer DD, Zilly W "Disposition of hexobarbital in intra- and extrahepatic cholestasis in man and the influence of drug metabolism-inducing agents." Eur J Clin Pharmacol 17 (1980): 197-202. [PMID: 7363932]
99 Product Information. Pretomanid (pretomanid). The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, New York, NY.
100 Product Information. Pifeltro (doravirine). Merck & Company Inc, Whitehouse Station, NJ.
101 Acosta EP, Henry K, Baken L, Page LM, Fletcher CV "Indinavir concentrations and antiviral effect." Pharmacotherapy 19 (1999): 708-12. [PMID: 10391416]
102 Product Information. Intelence (etravirine). Ortho Biotech Inc, Bridgewater, NJ.
103 Product Information. Edurant (rilpivirine). Tibotec Pharmaceuticals, Titusville, NJ.
104 Product Information. Selzentry (maraviroc). Pfizer U.S. Pharmaceuticals Group, New York, NY.
105 Bahls FH, Ozuna J, Ritchie DE "Interactions between calcium channel blockers and the anticonvulsants carbamazepine and phenytoin." Neurology 41 (1991): 740-2. [PMID: 2027492]
106 Product Information. Zurampic (lesinurad). Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE.
107 Product Information. Xerava (eravacycline). Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Watertown, MA.
108 Product Information. Belsomra (suvorexant). Merck & Company Inc, Whitehouse Station, NJ.
109 Product Information. Rozerem (ramelteon). Takeda Pharmaceuticals America, Lincolnshire, IL.
110 Product Information. Sonata (zaleplon) Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA.
111 Product Information. Hetlioz (tasimelteon). Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc, Rockville, MD.
112 Product Information. Caplyta (lumateperone). Intra-Cellular Therapies, Inc., New York, NY.
113 Product Information. Alunbrig (brigatinib). Ariad Pharmaceuticals Inc, Cambridge, MA.
114 Product Information. Zykadia (ceritinib). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
115 Product Information. Zepzelca (lurbinectedin). Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA.
116 Product Information. Lorbrena (lorlatinib). Pfizer U.S. Pharmaceuticals Group, New York, NY.
117 Product Information. Gilotrif (afatinib). Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, CT.
118 Product Information. Gavreto (pralsetinib). Blueprint Medicines Corporation, Cambridge, MA.
119 Product Information. Tabrecta (capmatinib). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
120 Product Information. Zydelig (idelalisib). Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA.
121 Product Information. Venclexta (venetoclax). AbbVie US LLC, North Chicago, IL.
122 Product Information. Copiktra (duvelisib). Verastem, Inc., Needham, MA.
123 Product Information. Calquence (acalabrutinib). Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE.
124 Product Information. Imbruvica (ibrutinib). Pharmacyclics Inc, Sunnyvale, CA.
125 Product Information. Koselugo (selumetinib). Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE.
126 Product Information. Braftovi (encorafenib). Array BioPharma Inc., Boulder, CO.
127 Product Information. Zulresso (brexanolone). Sage Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA.
128 Product Information. Nurtec ODT (rimegepant). Biohaven Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, CT.
129 Product Information. Reyvow (lasmiditan). Lilly, Eli and Company, Indianapolis, IN.
130 Product Information. Addyi (flibanserin). Sprout Pharmaceuticals, Raleigh, NC.
131 Product Information. Farydak (panobinostat). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
132 Product Information. Thalomid (thalidomide). Celgene Corporation, Warren, NJ.
133 Product Information. Zeposia (ozanimod). Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ.
134 Product Information. Istodax (romidepsin). Gloucester Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA.
135 Product Information. Tasigna (nilotinib). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
136 Product Information. Jakafi (ruxolitinib). Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, DE.
137 Product Information. Zontivity (vorapaxar). Merck & Company Inc, Whitehouse Station, NJ.
138 James WA, Lippmann S "Bupropion: overview and prescribing guidelines in depression." South Med J 84 (1991): 222-4. [PMID: 1899294]
139 Product Information. Rozlytrek (entrectinib). Genentech, South San Francisco, CA.
140 Product Information. Symproic (naldemedine). Shionogi USA Inc, Florham Park, NJ.
141 Product Information. Alphagan (brimonidine ophthalmic). Allergan Inc, Irvine, CA.
142 EMA. European Medicines Agency. European Union "EMA - List of medicines under additional monitoring.".
143 Product Information. Zejula (niraparib). Tesaro Inc., Waltham, MA.
144 Center for Substance Abuse Treatment.?Clinical Guidelines for the Use of Buprenorphine in the Treatment of Opioid Addiction. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); 2004. [PMID: 22514846]
145 Bell J, Seres V, Bowron P, Lewis J, Batey R "The use of serum methadone levels in patients receiving methadone maintenance." Clin Pharmacol Ther 43 (1988): 623-9. [PMID: 3378383]
146 Product Information. Nourianz (istradefylline). Kyowa Kirin, Inc, Bedminster, NJ.
147 Product Information. Artane (trihexyphenidyl). Lederle Laboratories, Wayne, NJ.
148 Product Information. Nuplazid (pimavanserin). Accelis Pharma, East Windsor, NJ.
149 Product Information. Macrilen (macimorelin). Aeterna Zentaris, Charleston, SC.
150 Product Information. Xenleta (lefamulin). Nabriva Therapeutics US, Inc., King of Prussia, PA.
151 Product Information. Zokinvy (lonafarnib). Eiger BioPharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA.
152 Product Information. Zytiga (abiraterone). Centocor Inc, Malvern, PA.
153 Product Information. Xtandi (enzalutamide). Astellas Pharma US, Inc, Deerfield, IL.
154 Product Information. Nubeqa (darolutamide). Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc., Whippany, NJ.
155 Product Information. Otezla (apremilast). Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ.
156 Product Information. Adempas (riociguat). Bayer Pharmaceutical Inc, West Haven, CT.
157 Pithavala YK, Tortorici M, Toh M, et al "Effect of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of axitinib (AG-013736) in Japanese and Caucasian healthy volunteers." Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 65 (2010): 563-70. [PMID: 19603168]
158 Product Information. Rinvoq (upadacitinib). AbbVie US LLC, North Chicago, IL.
159 Product Information. Abilify (aripiprazole). Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ.
160 Product Information. Stendra (avanafil). Vivus Inc, Mountain View, CA.
161 Product Information. Oxbryta (voxelotor). Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA.
162 Product Information. Odomzo (sonidegib). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
163 Aronson JK, Grahame-Smith DG "Clinical pharmacology: adverse drug interactions." Br Med J 282 (1981): 288-91. [PMID: 6779990]
164 Product Information. Nuvigil (armodafinil). Cephalon Inc, West Chester, PA.
165 Product Information. Kisqali (ribociclib). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
166 Martin P, Oliver S, Robertson J, Kennedy SJ, Read J, Duvauchelle T "Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with vandetanib during cadministration with rifampicin or itraconazole." Drugs R D 11 (2011): 37-51. [PMID: 21410294]
167 Jamis-Dow CA, Klecker RW, Katki AG, Collins JM "Metabolism of Taxol by human liver microsomes and effect of inhibitors (Meeting abstract)." Proc Annu Meet Am Assoc Cancer Res 34 (1993): a21981993.
168 Product Information. Pomalyst (pomalidomide). QLT Phototherapeutics Inc, Vancouver, AZ.
169 Product Information. Tavalisse (fostamatinib). Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA.
170 Product Information. Brilinta (ticagrelor). Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE.
171 Product Information. Cabometyx (cabozantinib). Exelixis Inc, S San Francisco, CA.
172 Bhaloo S, Prasad GV "Severe reduction in tacrolimus levels with rifampin despite multiple cytochrome P450 inhibitors: a case report." Transplant Proc 35 (2003): 2449-51. [PMID: 14611983]
173 Product Information. Onglyza (saxagliptin). Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ.
174 Product Information. Tradjenta (linagliptin). Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, CT.
175 Product Information. Orilissa (elagolix). AbbVie US LLC, North Chicago, IL.
176 Gelosa P, Castiglioni L, Tenconi M, et.al "Pharmacokinetic drug interactions of the non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs)" Pharmacol Res 135 (2018): 60-79. [PMID: 30040996]
177 Sams RA, Muir WW. Effects of phenobarbital on thiopental pharmacokinetics in greyhounds. Am J Vet Res. 1988;49(2):245-249. [PMID: 3348533]
178 Product Information. Cordarone (amiodarone). Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA.